Оглангала

Оглангала
	Городище
Оглангала
	азерб. Oğlanqala
	; Реконструкция Оглангалы
	39°35′41″ с. ш. 45°03′28″ в. д.HGЯO
Страна	Азербайджан
Район	Шарурский район
Сайт	oglanqala.net
	Медиафайлы на Викискладе

Оглангала (азерб. Oğlanqala) — городище, оборонительное сооружение и крепость в Азербайджане, относящееся к 850—600 годам до н. э. Расположено на территории Нахичеванской Автономной Республики, в Шарурском районе, на берегу реки Арпа, на горе Гаратепе. Площадь приблизительно 40 га^[1].

Характеристики крепостиПравить

Оглан-кала в 1936 году. Остатки циклопической башни^[2]

Северные склоны горы обрывистые. Другие склоны окружены мощными оборонительными стенами. Длина стен 1,5—2,5 м, толщина — 1 м. Стены выполнены из грубо отесанных камней. В связи с этим часто относится к циклопическим сооружениям. В некоторых местах стен сохранилось 4 ряда камней. На юго-западе горы сохранились башневидные полукруглые строения. По характеру строения Оглангала похожа на горные крепости ассирийцев^[1].

Обнаруженные на плоской площади в центре Оглангалы (площадь 70×100 м) остатки каменных колонн указывают на существование здесь некогда различных зданий. В некоторых местах площадь окружена стенами. В Оглангале найдены крупные кувшины, остатки окрашенной посуды и пр.^[1]

Принадлежность крепостиПравить

Азербайджанский советский археолог Алескер Алекперов относит крепость Оглан-кала к урартским фортификационным сооружениям. Он отмечает, что своей кладкой она абсолютно схожа с урартской крепостью в Ване. По его мнению Оглан-кала это остатки города Арба^[3]. Азербайджано-американская команда, проводившая раскопки в Оглангала предполагала, что крепость принадлежала местному государственному образованию, существовавшему до Ахеменидов и автономного от Урарту^[4]. Согласно археологу и историку Роберто Дану данная информация, размещенная на сайте посвященным раскопкам, была направлена против циркулирующего в Армении мнения об урарстском происхождении крепости. Он отмечает что тщательный анализ представленных доказательств не исключает хорошо известного факта урартского происхождения крепости. Согласно ему техника кладки и манера строительства крепости схожа с другими аналогичными постройками которые рассматриваются как безусловно урартские. Сам же комплекс Оглангала, по его мнению, был важной пограничной урартской крепостью, и тринадцатой по величине в Урарту^[5].

Профессор археологии Эрнст Стефан Кролл отмечает что древние крепости после перестройки использовались и позже. Так в конструкции Оглангалы Эрнст Кролл обнаруживает поздние фортификационные изменения схожие с аналогичными постройками эллинистической архитектуры в армянском селе Уйц и арцахском Тигранакерте. Согласно ему, ввиду того что новые архитектурные особенности сосредоточились в провинциях Хой, Маку, Маранд в Иране, а также в Нахичеване и собственно Армении, то эти перестроенные и повторно использованные старые урартские крепости (возможно не случайно расположенные на юго-восточных границах Армянского царства в эллинистический период), можно назвать раннеармянскими^[6].

ПримечанияПравить

↑ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ Оғлангала (азерб.) // Азербайджанская советская энциклопедия. — Б., 1983. — C. VII. — S. 322.
↑ Алекперов, 1937, с. 253.
↑ Алекперов, 1937, с. 259.
↑ Stephen H Rapp Jr. The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes. — Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2014. — P. 25. — 524 p. — ISBN 9781472425522.
Оригинальный текст (англ.)[показатьскрыть]

Comparable grand structures, which surely served an administrative purpose, have been identified across the modern border in Azerbaijan at Qaracamirlı Köyi (including the mound dubbed İdeal Təpə), at Sarıtəpə (Sari Tepe) north of Ganja (Az. Gəncə) near Qazax in northwestern Azerbaijan, and at Beniamin in northern Armenia. There are yet other candidates, including an intriguing hilltop site to the south at Oğlanqala just above the town of Şərur in the Azerbaijani exclave of Naxçıvan (Arm. Naxčawan; Rus. Nakhichevan). However, the Azerbaijani-American team excavating Oğlanqala currently suspects it belonged to a local polity predating the Achaemenids and autonomous of Urartu.
↑ Dan, Roberto. Inside the Empire: Some Remarks on the Urartian and Achaemenid Presence in the Autonomous Republic of Nakhchivan (англ.) // Iran and the Caucasus. — 2014. — Vol. 18, iss. 4. — P. 327—344.
A careful analysis of the evidence submitted by the excavators suggests that it does not preclude Urartian origins for the fortress, which would rather seem to be well established. Indeed the masonry techniques are closely similar to those of Bastam, Ayanis and Hasanlu" (IHb) and the absence of features, such as rusticated masonry, regular buttresses or rock-cut stairs is common to many fortresses considered as certainly Urartian. Many Urartian fortresses also possess irregular shapes, with walls that fit the lie of the land, a characteristic found in many Urartian fortifications. But it is above all the recent discovery during excavations of Biainili pottery, in particular some fragments of pithoi (fig. 6) with cuneiform inscriptions and jars with hieroglyphic signs identical to those found in Ayanis and Bastam, which must date to the 7th century (Risvet et al. 2008: 192-193, fig. 11-13; Risvet et al. 2012; 345, fig. 18-19), that constitutes the final proof of Urartian occupation of the site—and, therefore, of the entire plain. Oglan Qala was certainly a very important border fortress for Urartu, if we consider that the approximate length of the perimeter of its fortifications, estimated at approximately 1400 metres, makes it the thirteenth-largest fortress with regard to the total length of the fortified perimeter in the whole Urartian Kingdom (Biscione/Dan, forthcoming). This system of fortifications recently identified in the Oglan Qala area seems an integral part of the Urartian control system; the forts along the course of the Arpachay (Qizqala 1, Qizqala 2, Karasuqala and the two fortresses on the border with Armenia) controlled the defence of the fortress on that side and, thus, one of the access roads (fig. 3) to Lake Sevan (Parker et al. 2011:195). The system of agricultural exploitation of the plains would have been supplied by two hydraulic works, generally dated to the 7th century B.C., which were also discovered in recent years; these are the artificial canals known as Ferhat Kanali II, 25-30 km long, and the Kalecik Kanali, 5.5-6 km long. These, therefore, date to Urartian times and are considered part of the irrigation system directly controlled by Oglan Qala (Belli 2001a: 361; Belli 2001b: 415)
↑ Kroll, Stephan. Ancient Armenian sites in Armenia and north-western Iran:Hellenistic period // Archaeology of Armenia in Regional Context, Proceedings of the International Conference dedicated to the 50th Anniversary of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography held on September 15-17, 2009 in Yerevan, Armenia / edited by Pavel Avetisyan, A Bobokhyan. — Yerevan: Gitutyun, 2012. — P. 219-221.
Оригинальный текст (англ.)[показатьскрыть]

While doing survey in southern Armenia, it became apparent, that the large city of Uyts (Fig. 9) also shows city walls built in this style. During the conference in Yerevan in September of 2009 I was moreover informed, that the excavations at Tigranakert in Artsakh showed the same Hellenistic forti ﬁ cation architecture. The recent excavations at Oglan Qala in Naxchevan by Lauren Ristved show, that the same architecture may be found there. Not in the 6 th century BC, not in the period of the Medes and Persians, as we wrongly assumed 35 years ago, but in the Hellenistic period a revival of building forti ﬁ cations can be observed. Besides constructing new fortiﬁed cities, old Urartian places were reused and rebuilt, new recessing and protruding walls or walls in zigzag pattern were added (Fig. 10). As all these new architectural features concentrate on the Khoy, Maku and Marand provinces in Iran, on Naxchevan and Armenia proper, these rebuilt and reused fortresses might be called early Armenian. It may be no coincidence, that the distribution of these fortiﬁcation systems is roughly the same as the south-eastern spread of the kingdom of Armenia during the Hellenistic period according to historic sources.

ЛитератураПравить

Алекперов А. Крашеная керамика Нахичеванского края и Ванское царство // Советская археология. — 1937. — № 4.
Алиев В., Керимов В. Исследование Оглангалы // Археологические открытия 1975 года. — М.: Наука, 1976. — С. 497-498.
Мурадова К. Оглангала — крепость доблести и славы // Азербайджанские известия. — 26 августа 2010.

[АСЭ-1] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ Оғлангала (азерб.) // Азербайджанская советская энциклопедия. — Б., 1983. — C. VII. — S. 322.

[_9ac31adbc290f21c-2] Алекперов, 1937, с. 253.

[_9ac31adbc290f216-3] Алекперов, 1937, с. 259.

[4] Stephen H Rapp Jr. The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes. — Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2014. — P. 25. — 524 p. — ISBN 9781472425522.
Оригинальный текст (англ.)[показатьскрыть]

Comparable grand structures, which surely served an administrative purpose, have been identified across the modern border in Azerbaijan at Qaracamirlı Köyi (including the mound dubbed İdeal Təpə), at Sarıtəpə (Sari Tepe) north of Ganja (Az. Gəncə) near Qazax in northwestern Azerbaijan, and at Beniamin in northern Armenia. There are yet other candidates, including an intriguing hilltop site to the south at Oğlanqala just above the town of Şərur in the Azerbaijani exclave of Naxçıvan (Arm. Naxčawan; Rus. Nakhichevan). However, the Azerbaijani-American team excavating Oğlanqala currently suspects it belonged to a local polity predating the Achaemenids and autonomous of Urartu.

[5] Dan, Roberto. Inside the Empire: Some Remarks on the Urartian and Achaemenid Presence in the Autonomous Republic of Nakhchivan (англ.) // Iran and the Caucasus. — 2014. — Vol. 18, iss. 4. — P. 327—344.
A careful analysis of the evidence submitted by the excavators suggests that it does not preclude Urartian origins for the fortress, which would rather seem to be well established. Indeed the masonry techniques are closely similar to those of Bastam, Ayanis and Hasanlu" (IHb) and the absence of features, such as rusticated masonry, regular buttresses or rock-cut stairs is common to many fortresses considered as certainly Urartian. Many Urartian fortresses also possess irregular shapes, with walls that fit the lie of the land, a characteristic found in many Urartian fortifications. But it is above all the recent discovery during excavations of Biainili pottery, in particular some fragments of pithoi (fig. 6) with cuneiform inscriptions and jars with hieroglyphic signs identical to those found in Ayanis and Bastam, which must date to the 7th century (Risvet et al. 2008: 192-193, fig. 11-13; Risvet et al. 2012; 345, fig. 18-19), that constitutes the final proof of Urartian occupation of the site—and, therefore, of the entire plain. Oglan Qala was certainly a very important border fortress for Urartu, if we consider that the approximate length of the perimeter of its fortifications, estimated at approximately 1400 metres, makes it the thirteenth-largest fortress with regard to the total length of the fortified perimeter in the whole Urartian Kingdom (Biscione/Dan, forthcoming). This system of fortifications recently identified in the Oglan Qala area seems an integral part of the Urartian control system; the forts along the course of the Arpachay (Qizqala 1, Qizqala 2, Karasuqala and the two fortresses on the border with Armenia) controlled the defence of the fortress on that side and, thus, one of the access roads (fig. 3) to Lake Sevan (Parker et al. 2011:195). The system of agricultural exploitation of the plains would have been supplied by two hydraulic works, generally dated to the 7th century B.C., which were also discovered in recent years; these are the artificial canals known as Ferhat Kanali II, 25-30 km long, and the Kalecik Kanali, 5.5-6 km long. These, therefore, date to Urartian times and are considered part of the irrigation system directly controlled by Oglan Qala (Belli 2001a: 361; Belli 2001b: 415)

[6] Kroll, Stephan. Ancient Armenian sites in Armenia and north-western Iran:Hellenistic period // Archaeology of Armenia in Regional Context, Proceedings of the International Conference dedicated to the 50th Anniversary of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography held on September 15-17, 2009 in Yerevan, Armenia / edited by Pavel Avetisyan, A Bobokhyan. — Yerevan: Gitutyun, 2012. — P. 219-221.
Оригинальный текст (англ.)[показатьскрыть]

While doing survey in southern Armenia, it became apparent, that the large city of Uyts (Fig. 9) also shows city walls built in this style. During the conference in Yerevan in September of 2009 I was moreover informed, that the excavations at Tigranakert in Artsakh showed the same Hellenistic forti ﬁ cation architecture. The recent excavations at Oglan Qala in Naxchevan by Lauren Ristved show, that the same architecture may be found there. Not in the 6 th century BC, not in the period of the Medes and Persians, as we wrongly assumed 35 years ago, but in the Hellenistic period a revival of building forti ﬁ cations can be observed. Besides constructing new fortiﬁed cities, old Urartian places were reused and rebuilt, new recessing and protruding walls or walls in zigzag pattern were added (Fig. 10). As all these new architectural features concentrate on the Khoy, Maku and Marand provinces in Iran, on Naxchevan and Armenia proper, these rebuilt and reused fortresses might be called early Armenian. It may be no coincidence, that the distribution of these fortiﬁcation systems is roughly the same as the south-eastern spread of the kingdom of Armenia during the Hellenistic period according to historic sources.

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